Lower case letters can mean two things:
1) A wide turn (2 layers turned at once)
2) An inner-slice layer turn - like one of the two middle slices on a 4x4
You kind of have to know the context. In a 3x3 alg, there are no inner slice turns, just the middle slice, and it already has its own letter (M). So it's going to be a wide turn. In the alg you've shown, you'd be turning the front two layers together for the f and f' moves.
For brackets, those are "triggers". Essentially, these are really common sets of moves that show up in lots of algs. They are grouped together with brackets to aid with memorization. The idea is you see that set of moves and know "oh, that's a sexy move" rather than trying to memorize 4 more moves. So a simple alg becomes like "F [sexy move] F'" or something. Much easier to remember that way.